# 1D Forward Simulation with Chargeable and/or Magnetic Viscosity#

Here we use the module SimPEG.electromangetics.time_domain_1d to compare predicted time domain data for a single sounding when the Earth is purely conductive, chargeable and/or magnetically viscous. In this tutorial, we focus on:

• Defining receivers, sources, waveform and the survey

• Defining physical properties when the Earth is chargeable and/or magnetically viscous

• Setting physical property values as constant in the simulation

Our survey geometry consists of a horizontal loop source with a radius of 10 m located 0.5 m above the Earth’s surface. The receiver is located at the centre of the loop and measures the vertical component of the response.

## Import Modules#

import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

from SimPEG import maps
import SimPEG.electromagnetics.time_domain as tdem
from SimPEG.electromagnetics.utils.em1d_utils import ColeCole, LogUniform

# sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 3


## Create Survey#

Here we demonstrate a general way to define the receivers, sources, waveforms and survey. For this tutorial, the source is a horizontal loop whose current waveform is a unit step-off. Receivers are defined to measure the vertical component of the magnetic flux density and its time-derivative at the loop’s center.

source_location = np.array([0.0, 0.0, 0.5])
source_orientation = "z"  # "x", "y" or "z"
current_amplitude = 1.0  # maximum amplitude of source current

receiver_orientation = "z"  # "x", "y" or "z"
times = np.logspace(-6, -1, 51)  # time channels (s)

)
)
)
)

# Waveform
waveform = tdem.sources.StepOffWaveform()

# Sources
source_list = [
tdem.sources.CircularLoop(
location=source_location,
waveform=waveform,
current=current_amplitude,
)
]

# Survey
survey = tdem.Survey(source_list)


## Defining a 1D Layered Earth Model#

Here, we define the layer thicknesses and physical properties for our 1D simulation. If we have N layers, parameters for the physical properties must be defined for each layer and we must provide N-1 layer thicknesses. The lowest layer is assumed to extend to infinity.

For this tutorial, we predict the response for a halfspace model, however the script has been generalized to work for an arbitrary number of layers. If the Earth is a halfspace, the thicknesses could instead be defined by an empty array, and each physical property value by an array of length 1.

# Layer thicknesses
thicknesses = np.array([40.0, 40.0])
n_layer = len(thicknesses) + 1

# In SimPEG, the Cole-Cole model is used to define a frequency-dependent
# electrical conductivity when the Earth is chargeable.
sigma = 1e-1  # infinite conductivity in S/m
eta = 0.5  # intrinsice chargeability [0, 1]
tau = 0.01  # central time-relaxation constant in seconds
c = 0.75  # phase constant [0, 1]

# In SimPEG, the a log-uniform distribution of time-relaxation constants is used
# to define a frequency-dependent susceptibility when the Earth exhibits
# magnetic viscosity
chi = 0.001  # infinite susceptibility in SI
dchi = 0.001  # amplitude of frequency-dependent susceptibility contribution
tau1 = 1e-7  # lower limit for time relaxation constants in seconds
tau2 = 1.0  # upper limit for time relaxation constants in seconds

# For each physical property, the parameters must be defined for each layer.
# In this case, we must define all parameters for the Cole-Cole conductivity
# as well as the frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility.
sigma_model = sigma * np.ones(n_layer)
eta_model = eta * np.ones(n_layer)
tau_model = tau * np.ones(n_layer)
c_model = c * np.ones(n_layer)

chi_model = chi * np.ones(n_layer)
dchi_model = dchi * np.ones(n_layer)
tau1_model = tau1 * np.ones(n_layer)
tau2_model = tau2 * np.ones(n_layer)

# Here, we let the infinite conductivity be the model. As a result, we only
# need to define the mapping for this parameter. All other parameters used
# to define physical properties will be fixed when creating the simulation.
model_mapping = maps.IdentityMap(nP=n_layer)

# Compute and plot complex conductivity at all frequencies
frequencies = np.logspace(-3, 6, 91)
sigma_complex = ColeCole(frequencies, sigma, eta, tau, c)
chi_complex = LogUniform(frequencies, chi, dchi, tau1, tau2)

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
ax = fig.add_axes([0.15, 0.1, 0.8, 0.75])
ax.semilogx(frequencies, sigma * np.ones(len(frequencies)), "b", lw=3)
ax.semilogx(frequencies, np.real(sigma_complex), "r", lw=3)
ax.semilogx(frequencies, np.imag(sigma_complex), "r--", lw=3)
ax.grid()
ax.set_xlim(np.min(frequencies), np.max(frequencies))
ax.set_ylim(0.0, 1.1 * sigma)
ax.set_xlabel("Frequency (Hz)")
ax.set_ylabel("Conductivity")
ax.set_title("Dispersive Electrical Conductivity")
ax.legend(
["$\sigma_{DC}$", "$Re[\sigma (\omega)]$", "$Im[\sigma (\omega)]$"],
loc="center right",
)

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))
ax = fig.add_axes([0.15, 0.1, 0.8, 0.75])
ax.semilogx(frequencies, chi * np.ones(len(frequencies)), "b", lw=3)
ax.semilogx(frequencies, np.real(chi_complex), "r", lw=3)
ax.semilogx(frequencies, np.imag(chi_complex), "r--", lw=3)
ax.grid()
ax.set_xlim(np.min(frequencies), np.max(frequencies))
ax.set_ylim(-1.1 * chi, 1.1 * (chi + dchi))
ax.set_xlabel("Frequency (Hz)")
ax.set_ylabel("Susceptibility")
ax.set_title("Dispersive Magnetic Susceptibility")
ax.legend(
["$\chi_{DC}$", "$Re[\chi (\omega)]$", "$Im[\chi (\omega)]$"], loc="lower left"
)

<matplotlib.legend.Legend object at 0x7fdd5e0eda50>


## Define the Forward Simulation and Predict Data#

Here we predict the TDEM sounding for several halfspace models (conductive, chargeable, magnetically viscous). Since the physical properties defining the Earth are different, it requires a separate simulation object be created for each case. Each simulation requires the user define the survey, the layer thicknesses and a mapping.

A universal mapping was created by letting sigma be the model. All other parameters used to define the physical properties are permanently set when defining the simulation.

When using the SimPEG.electromagnetics.time_domain_1d module, note that predicted data are organized by source, then by receiver, then by time channel.

# Simulate response for static conductivity
simulation_conductive = tdem.Simulation1DLayered(
survey=survey, thicknesses=thicknesses, sigmaMap=model_mapping
)

dpred_conductive = simulation_conductive.dpred(sigma_model)

# Simulate response for a chargeable Earth
simulation_chargeable = tdem.Simulation1DLayered(
survey=survey,
thicknesses=thicknesses,
sigmaMap=model_mapping,
eta=eta,
tau=tau,
c=c,
)

dpred_chargeable = simulation_chargeable.dpred(sigma_model)

# Simulate response for viscous remanent magnetization
mu0 = 4 * np.pi * 1e-7
mu = mu0 * (1 + chi)
simulation_vrm = tdem.Simulation1DLayered(
survey=survey,
thicknesses=thicknesses,
sigmaMap=model_mapping,
mu=mu,
dchi=dchi,
tau1=tau1,
tau2=tau2,
)

dpred_vrm = simulation_vrm.dpred(sigma_model)

/usr/share/miniconda/envs/simpeg-test/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/_asarray.py:129: ComplexWarning:

Casting complex values to real discards the imaginary part


## Plotting Results#

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(12, 5))
ax1 = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.1, 0.38, 0.85])
ax1.loglog(times, np.abs(dpred_conductive[0 : len(times)]), "k", lw=3)
ax1.loglog(times, np.abs(dpred_chargeable[0 : len(times)]), "r", lw=3)
ax1.loglog(times, np.abs(dpred_vrm[0 : len(times)]), "b", lw=3)
ax1.set_xlim([times.min(), times.max()])
ax1.grid()
ax1.legend(["Purely Inductive", "Chargeable", "Magnetically Viscous"])
ax1.set_xlabel("Times (s)")
ax1.set_ylabel("|B| (T)")
ax1.set_title("Magnetic Flux")

ax2 = fig.add_axes([0.6, 0.1, 0.38, 0.85])
ax2.loglog(times, np.abs(dpred_conductive[len(times) :]), "k", lw=3)
ax2.loglog(times, np.abs(dpred_chargeable[len(times) :]), "r", lw=3)
ax2.loglog(times, np.abs(dpred_vrm[len(times) :]), "b", lw=3)
ax2.set_xlim([times.min(), times.max()])
ax2.grid()
ax2.legend(["Purely Inductive", "Chargeable", "Magnetically Viscous"])
ax2.set_xlabel("Times (s)")
ax2.set_ylabel("|dB/dt| (T/s)")
ax2.set_title("Time-Derivative of Magnetic Flux")

Text(0.5, 1.0, 'Time-Derivative of Magnetic Flux')


Total running time of the script: ( 0 minutes 3.625 seconds)

Estimated memory usage: 18 MB

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