Sparse Norm Inversion for Total Magnetic Intensity Data on a Tensor Mesh

Here we invert total magnetic intensity (TMI) data to recover a magnetic susceptibility model. We formulate the inverse problem as an iteratively re-weighted least-squares (IRLS) optimization problem. For this tutorial, we focus on the following:

• Defining the survey from xyz formatted data

• Generating a mesh based on survey geometry

• Including surface topography

• Defining the inverse problem (data misfit, regularization, optimization)

• Specifying directives for the inversion

• Setting sparse and blocky norms

• Plotting the recovered model and data misfit

Although we consider TMI data in this tutorial, the same approach can be used to invert other types of geophysical data.

Import modules

import os
import numpy as np
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import tarfile

from discretize import TensorMesh
from discretize.utils import active_from_xyz
from simpeg.potential_fields import magnetics
from simpeg.utils import plot2Ddata, model_builder
from simpeg import (
    maps,
    data,
    inverse_problem,
    data_misfit,
    regularization,
    optimization,
    directives,
    inversion,
    utils,
)

# sphinx_gallery_thumbnail_number = 3

Load Data and Plot

File paths for assets we are loading. To set up the inversion, we require topography and field observations. The true model defined on the whole mesh is loaded to compare with the inversion result. These files are stored as a tar-file on our google cloud bucket: “https://storage.googleapis.com/simpeg/doc-assets/magnetics.tar.gz”

# storage bucket where we have the data
data_source = "https://storage.googleapis.com/simpeg/doc-assets/magnetics.tar.gz"

# download the data
downloaded_data = utils.download(data_source, overwrite=True)

# unzip the tarfile
tar = tarfile.open(downloaded_data, "r")
tar.extractall()
tar.close()

# path to the directory containing our data
dir_path = downloaded_data.split(".")[0] + os.path.sep

# files to work with
topo_filename = dir_path + "magnetics_topo.txt"
data_filename = dir_path + "magnetics_data.obs"

Downloading https://storage.googleapis.com/simpeg/doc-assets/magnetics.tar.gz
   saved to: /home/vsts/work/1/s/tutorials/04-magnetics/magnetics.tar.gz
Download completed!

Load Data and Plot

Here we load and plot synthetic TMI data. Topography is generally defined as an (N, 3) array. TMI data is generally defined with 4 columns: x, y, z and data.

topo_xyz = np.loadtxt(str(topo_filename))
dobs = np.loadtxt(str(data_filename))

receiver_locations = dobs[:, 0:3]
dobs = dobs[:, -1]

# Plot
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6, 5))
v_max = np.max(np.abs(dobs))

ax1 = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.1, 0.75, 0.85])
plot2Ddata(
    receiver_locations,
    dobs,
    ax=ax1,
    ncontour=30,
    clim=(-v_max, v_max),
    contourOpts={"cmap": "bwr"},
)
ax1.set_title("TMI Anomaly")
ax1.set_xlabel("x (m)")
ax1.set_ylabel("y (m)")

ax2 = fig.add_axes([0.85, 0.05, 0.05, 0.9])
norm = mpl.colors.Normalize(vmin=-np.max(np.abs(dobs)), vmax=np.max(np.abs(dobs)))
cbar = mpl.colorbar.ColorbarBase(
    ax2, norm=norm, orientation="vertical", cmap=mpl.cm.bwr
)
cbar.set_label("$nT$", rotation=270, labelpad=15, size=12)

plt.show()

Assign Uncertainty

Inversion with SimPEG requires that we define standard deviation on our data. This represents our estimate of the noise in our data. For magnetic inversions, a constant floor value is generall applied to all data. For this tutorial, the standard deviation on each datum will be 2% of the maximum observed magnetics anomaly value.

maximum_anomaly = np.max(np.abs(dobs))

std = 0.02 * maximum_anomaly * np.ones(len(dobs))

Defining the Survey

Here, we define survey that will be used for the simulation. Magnetic surveys are simple to create. The user only needs an (N, 3) array to define the xyz locations of the observation locations, the list of field components which are to be modeled and the properties of the Earth’s field.

# Define the component(s) of the field we are inverting as a list. Here we will
# invert total magnetic intensity data.
components = ["tmi"]

# Use the observation locations and components to define the receivers. To
# simulate data, the receivers must be defined as a list.
receiver_list = magnetics.receivers.Point(receiver_locations, components=components)

receiver_list = [receiver_list]

# Define the inducing field H0 = (intensity [nT], inclination [deg], declination [deg])
inclination = 90
declination = 0
strength = 50000

source_field = magnetics.sources.UniformBackgroundField(
    receiver_list=receiver_list,
    amplitude=strength,
    inclination=inclination,
    declination=declination,
)

# Define the survey
survey = magnetics.survey.Survey(source_field)

Defining the Data

Here is where we define the data that is inverted. The data is defined by the survey, the observation values and the standard deviations.

data_object = data.Data(survey, dobs=dobs, standard_deviation=std)

Defining a Tensor Mesh

Here, we create the tensor mesh that will be used to invert TMI data. If desired, we could define an OcTree mesh.

dh = 5.0
hx = [(dh, 5, -1.3), (dh, 40), (dh, 5, 1.3)]
hy = [(dh, 5, -1.3), (dh, 40), (dh, 5, 1.3)]
hz = [(dh, 5, -1.3), (dh, 15)]
mesh = TensorMesh([hx, hy, hz], "CCN")

Starting/Reference Model and Mapping on Tensor Mesh

Here, we would create starting and/or reference models for the inversion as well as the mapping from the model space to the active cells. Starting and reference models can be a constant background value or contain a-priori structures. Here, the background is 1e-4 SI.

# Define background susceptibility model in SI. Don't make this 0!
# Otherwise the gradient for the 1st iteration is zero and the inversion will
# not converge.
background_susceptibility = 1e-4

# Find the indecies of the active cells in forward model (ones below surface)
active_cells = active_from_xyz(mesh, topo_xyz)

# Define mapping from model to active cells
nC = int(active_cells.sum())
model_map = maps.IdentityMap(nP=nC)  # model consists of a value for each cell

# Define starting model
starting_model = background_susceptibility * np.ones(nC)

Define the Physics

Here, we define the physics of the magnetics problem by using the simulation class.

Define the problem. Define the cells below topography and the mapping

simulation = magnetics.simulation.Simulation3DIntegral(
    survey=survey,
    mesh=mesh,
    model_type="scalar",
    chiMap=model_map,
    active_cells=active_cells,
    engine="choclo",
)

Tip

Since SimPEG v0.22.0 we can use Choclo as the engine for running the magnetic simulations, which results in faster and more memory efficient runs. Just pass engine="choclo" when constructing the simulation.

Define Inverse Problem

The inverse problem is defined by 3 things:

1. Data Misfit: a measure of how well our recovered model explains the field data

2. Regularization: constraints placed on the recovered model and a priori information

3. Optimization: the numerical approach used to solve the inverse problem

# Define the data misfit. Here the data misfit is the L2 norm of the weighted
# residual between the observed data and the data predicted for a given model.
# Within the data misfit, the residual between predicted and observed data are
# normalized by the data's standard deviation.
dmis = data_misfit.L2DataMisfit(data=data_object, simulation=simulation)

# Define the regularization (model objective function)
reg = regularization.Sparse(
    mesh,
    active_cells=active_cells,
    mapping=model_map,
    reference_model=starting_model,
    gradient_type="total",
)

# Define sparse and blocky norms p, qx, qy, qz
reg.norms = [0, 0, 0, 0]

# Define how the optimization problem is solved. Here we will use a projected
# Gauss-Newton approach that employs the conjugate gradient solver.
opt = optimization.ProjectedGNCG(
    maxIter=20, lower=0.0, upper=1.0, maxIterLS=20, maxIterCG=10, tolCG=1e-3
)

# Here we define the inverse problem that is to be solved
inv_prob = inverse_problem.BaseInvProblem(dmis, reg, opt)

Define Inversion Directives

Here we define any directives that are carried out during the inversion. This includes the cooling schedule for the trade-off parameter (beta), stopping criteria for the inversion and saving inversion results at each iteration.

# Defining a starting value for the trade-off parameter (beta) between the data
# misfit and the regularization.
starting_beta = directives.BetaEstimate_ByEig(beta0_ratio=5)

# Options for outputting recovered models and predicted data for each beta.
save_iteration = directives.SaveOutputEveryIteration(save_txt=False)

# Defines the directives for the IRLS regularization. This includes setting
# the cooling schedule for the trade-off parameter.
update_IRLS = directives.UpdateIRLS(
    f_min_change=1e-4,
    max_irls_iterations=30,
    cooling_factor=1.5,
    misfit_tolerance=1e-2,
)

# Updating the preconditioner if it is model dependent.
update_jacobi = directives.UpdatePreconditioner()

# Setting a stopping criteria for the inversion.
target_misfit = directives.TargetMisfit(chifact=1)

# Add sensitivity weights
sensitivity_weights = directives.UpdateSensitivityWeights(every_iteration=False)

# The directives are defined as a list.
directives_list = [
    sensitivity_weights,
    starting_beta,
    save_iteration,
    update_IRLS,
    update_jacobi,
]

Running the Inversion

To define the inversion object, we need to define the inversion problem and the set of directives. We can then run the inversion.

# Here we combine the inverse problem and the set of directives
inv = inversion.BaseInversion(inv_prob, directives_list)

# Print target misfit to compare with convergence
# print("Target misfit is " + str(target_misfit.target))

# Run the inversion
recovered_model = inv.run(starting_model)

Running inversion with SimPEG v0.23.1.dev10+gf697d2455

                    simpeg.InvProblem is setting bfgsH0 to the inverse of the eval2Deriv.
                    ***Done using the default solver Pardiso and no solver_opts.***

model has any nan: 0
=============================== Projected GNCG ===============================
  #     beta     phi_d     phi_m       f      |proj(x-g)-x|  LS    Comment
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
x0 has any nan: 0
   0  1.98e+05  2.10e+04  0.00e+00  2.10e+04    1.39e+02      0
   1  1.32e+05  4.84e+02  1.01e-02  1.82e+03    1.30e+02      0
Reached starting chifact with l2-norm regularization: Start IRLS steps...
irls_threshold 0.0013509181178945429
   2  1.32e+05  2.62e+02  1.77e-02  2.60e+03    1.90e+02      0   Skip BFGS
   3  7.91e+04  3.87e+02  2.11e-02  2.06e+03    1.17e+02      0
   4  9.63e+04  2.58e+02  2.79e-02  2.95e+03    1.89e+02      0
   5  5.32e+04  4.69e+02  2.98e-02  2.05e+03    1.14e+02      0
   6  6.89e+04  2.29e+02  3.87e-02  2.89e+03    1.86e+02      0
   7  4.13e+04  3.86e+02  3.98e-02  2.03e+03    1.17e+02      0
   8  6.19e+04  1.69e+02  4.24e-02  2.79e+03    1.80e+02      0
   9  8.00e+04  2.30e+02  3.06e-02  2.68e+03    1.69e+02      0
  10  1.01e+05  2.42e+02  2.24e-02  2.50e+03    1.59e+02      0
  11  1.23e+05  2.56e+02  1.80e-02  2.47e+03    1.39e+02      0
  12  1.46e+05  2.71e+02  1.44e-02  2.38e+03    1.32e+02      0
  13  1.75e+05  2.65e+02  1.18e-02  2.33e+03    1.39e+02      0
  14  2.11e+05  2.65e+02  9.90e-03  2.35e+03    1.52e+02      0
  15  2.55e+05  2.61e+02  8.18e-03  2.34e+03    1.50e+02      0
  16  3.08e+05  2.60e+02  7.02e-03  2.43e+03    1.53e+02      0
  17  3.69e+05  2.66e+02  5.70e-03  2.37e+03    1.35e+02      0
  18  4.33e+05  2.76e+02  5.02e-03  2.45e+03    1.33e+02      0
  19  5.01e+05  2.83e+02  4.38e-03  2.48e+03    1.32e+02      0
  20  5.86e+05  2.78e+02  3.53e-03  2.34e+03    1.31e+02      0
------------------------- STOP! -------------------------
1 : |fc-fOld| = 1.3643e+02 <= tolF*(1+|f0|) = 2.1023e+03
1 : |xc-x_last| = 1.7307e-02 <= tolX*(1+|x0|) = 1.0219e-01
0 : |proj(x-g)-x|    = 1.3132e+02 <= tolG          = 1.0000e-01
0 : |proj(x-g)-x|    = 1.3132e+02 <= 1e3*eps       = 1.0000e-02
1 : maxIter   =      20    <= iter          =     20
------------------------- DONE! -------------------------

Recreate True Model

background_susceptibility = 0.0001
sphere_susceptibility = 0.01

true_model = background_susceptibility * np.ones(nC)
ind_sphere = model_builder.get_indices_sphere(
    np.r_[0.0, 0.0, -45.0], 15.0, mesh.cell_centers
)
ind_sphere = ind_sphere[active_cells]
true_model[ind_sphere] = sphere_susceptibility

Plotting True Model and Recovered Model

# Plot True Model
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(9, 4))
plotting_map = maps.InjectActiveCells(mesh, active_cells, np.nan)

ax1 = fig.add_axes([0.08, 0.1, 0.75, 0.8])
mesh.plot_slice(
    plotting_map * true_model,
    normal="Y",
    ax=ax1,
    ind=int(mesh.shape_cells[1] / 2),
    grid=True,
    clim=(np.min(true_model), np.max(true_model)),
    pcolor_opts={"cmap": "viridis"},
)
ax1.set_title("Model slice at y = 0 m")

ax2 = fig.add_axes([0.85, 0.1, 0.05, 0.8])
norm = mpl.colors.Normalize(vmin=np.min(true_model), vmax=np.max(true_model))
cbar = mpl.colorbar.ColorbarBase(
    ax2, norm=norm, orientation="vertical", cmap=mpl.cm.viridis, format="%.1e"
)
cbar.set_label("SI", rotation=270, labelpad=15, size=12)

plt.show()

# Plot Recovered Model
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(9, 4))
plotting_map = maps.InjectActiveCells(mesh, active_cells, np.nan)

ax1 = fig.add_axes([0.08, 0.1, 0.75, 0.8])
mesh.plot_slice(
    plotting_map * recovered_model,
    normal="Y",
    ax=ax1,
    ind=int(mesh.shape_cells[1] / 2),
    grid=True,
    clim=(np.min(recovered_model), np.max(recovered_model)),
    pcolor_opts={"cmap": "viridis"},
)
ax1.set_title("Model slice at y = 0 m")

ax2 = fig.add_axes([0.85, 0.1, 0.05, 0.8])
norm = mpl.colors.Normalize(vmin=np.min(recovered_model), vmax=np.max(recovered_model))
cbar = mpl.colorbar.ColorbarBase(
    ax2, norm=norm, orientation="vertical", cmap=mpl.cm.viridis, format="%.1e"
)
cbar.set_label("SI", rotation=270, labelpad=15, size=12)

plt.show()

• 
• 

Plotting Predicted Data and Misfit

# Predicted data with final recovered model
dpred = inv_prob.dpred

# Observed data | Predicted data | Normalized data misfit
data_array = np.c_[dobs, dpred, (dobs - dpred) / std]

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(17, 4))
plot_title = ["Observed", "Predicted", "Normalized Misfit"]
plot_units = ["nT", "nT", ""]

ax1 = 3 * [None]
ax2 = 3 * [None]
norm = 3 * [None]
cbar = 3 * [None]
cplot = 3 * [None]
v_lim = [np.max(np.abs(dobs)), np.max(np.abs(dobs)), np.max(np.abs(data_array[:, 2]))]

for ii in range(0, 3):
    ax1[ii] = fig.add_axes([0.33 * ii + 0.03, 0.11, 0.25, 0.84])
    cplot[ii] = plot2Ddata(
        receiver_list[0].locations,
        data_array[:, ii],
        ax=ax1[ii],
        ncontour=30,
        clim=(-v_lim[ii], v_lim[ii]),
        contourOpts={"cmap": "bwr"},
    )
    ax1[ii].set_title(plot_title[ii])
    ax1[ii].set_xlabel("x (m)")
    ax1[ii].set_ylabel("y (m)")

    ax2[ii] = fig.add_axes([0.33 * ii + 0.27, 0.11, 0.01, 0.84])
    norm[ii] = mpl.colors.Normalize(vmin=-v_lim[ii], vmax=v_lim[ii])
    cbar[ii] = mpl.colorbar.ColorbarBase(
        ax2[ii], norm=norm[ii], orientation="vertical", cmap=mpl.cm.bwr
    )
    cbar[ii].set_label(plot_units[ii], rotation=270, labelpad=15, size=12)

plt.show()

Estimated memory usage: 293 MB