simpeg.electromagnetics.time_domain.Simulation3DMagneticField#

class simpeg.electromagnetics.time_domain.Simulation3DMagneticField(mesh, survey=None, dt_threshold=1e-08, **kwargs)[source]#

Bases: BaseTDEMSimulation

3D TDEM simulation in terms of the magnetic field.

This simulation solves for the magnetic field at each time-step. In this formulation, the magnetic fields are defined on mesh edges and the current density is defined on mesh faces; i.e. it is an HJ formulation. See the Notes section for a comprehensive description of the formulation.

Parameters:
meshdiscretize.base.BaseMesh

The mesh.

surveytime_domain.survey.Survey

The time-domain EM survey.

dt_thresholdfloat

Threshold used when determining the unique time-step lengths.

Notes

Here, we start with the quasi-static approximation for Maxwell’s equations by neglecting electric displacement:

\[\begin{split}&\nabla \times \vec{e} + \frac{\partial \vec{b}}{\partial t} = - \frac{\partial \vec{s}_m}{\partial t} \\ &\nabla \times \vec{h} - \vec{j} = \vec{s}_e\end{split}\]

where \(\vec{s}_e\) is an electric source term that defines a source current density, and \(\vec{s}_m\) magnetic source term that defines a source magnetic flux density. We define the constitutive relations for the electrical resistivity \(\rho\) and magnetic permeability \(\mu\) as:

\[\begin{split}\vec{e} &= \rho \vec{e} \\ \vec{b} &= \mu \vec{h}\end{split}\]

We then take the inner products of all previous expressions with a vector test function \(\vec{u}\). Through vector calculus identities and the divergence theorem, we obtain:

\[\begin{split}& \int_\Omega (\nabla \times \vec{u}) \cdot \vec{e} \; dv - \oint_{\partial \Omega} \vec{u} \cdot (\vec{e} \times \hat{n} ) \, da + \int_\Omega \vec{u} \cdot \frac{\partial \vec{b}}{\partial t} \, dv = - \int_\Omega \vec{u} \cdot \frac{\partial \vec{s}_m}{\partial t} \, dv \\ & \int_\Omega \vec{u} \cdot (\nabla \times \vec{h} ) \, dv - \int_\Omega \vec{u} \cdot \vec{j} \, dv = \int_\Omega \vec{u} \cdot \vec{s}_e \, dv\\ & \int_\Omega \vec{u} \cdot \vec{e} \, dv = \int_\Omega \vec{u} \cdot \rho \vec{j} \, dv \\ & \int_\Omega \vec{u} \cdot \vec{b} \, dv = \int_\Omega \vec{u} \cdot \mu \vec{h} \, dv\end{split}\]

Assuming natural boundary conditions, the surface integral is zero.

The above expressions are discretized in space according to the finite volume method. The discrete magnetic fields \(\mathbf{h}\) are defined on mesh edges, and the discrete current densities \(\mathbf{j}\) are defined on mesh faces. This implies \(\mathbf{b}\) must be defined on mesh edges and \(\mathbf{e}\) must be defined on mesh faces. Where \(\mathbf{u_e}\) and \(\mathbf{u_f}\) represent test functions discretized to edges and faces, respectively, we obtain the following set of discrete inner-products:

\[\begin{split}&\mathbf{u_e^T C^T M_f \, e } + \mathbf{u_e^T M_e} \frac{\partial \mathbf{b}}{\partial t} = - \mathbf{u_e^T} \, \frac{\partial \mathbf{s_m}}{\partial t} \\ &\mathbf{u_f^T C \, h} - \mathbf{u_f^T j} = \mathbf{u_f^T s_e} \\ &\mathbf{u_f^T M_f e} = \mathbf{u_f^T M_{f\rho} \, j} \\ &\mathbf{u_e^T M_e b} = \mathbf{u_e^T M_{e \mu} h}\end{split}\]

where

  • \(\mathbf{C}\) is the discrete curl operator

  • \(\mathbf{s_m}\) and \(\mathbf{s_e}\) are the integrated magnetic and electric source terms, respectively

  • \(\mathbf{M_e}\) is the edge inner-product matrix

  • \(\mathbf{M_f}\) is the face inner-product matrix

  • \(\mathbf{M_{e\mu}}\) is the inner-product matrix for permeabilities projected to edges

  • \(\mathbf{M_{f\rho}}\) is the inner-product matrix for resistivities projected to faces

Cancelling like-terms and combining the discrete expressions in terms of the magnetic field, we obtain:

\[\mathbf{C^T M_{f\rho} C \, h} + \mathbf{M_{e\mu}} \frac{\partial \mathbf{h}}{\partial t} = \mathbf{C^T M_{f\rho} s_e} - \frac{\partial \mathbf{s_m}}{\partial t}\]

Finally, we discretize in time according to backward Euler. The discrete magnetic field on mesh edges at time \(t_k > t_0\) is obtained by solving the following at each time-step:

\[\mathbf{A}_k \mathbf{h}_k = \mathbf{q}_k - \mathbf{B}_k \mathbf{h}_{k-1}\]

where \(\Delta t_k = t_k - t_{k-1}\) and

\[\begin{split}&\mathbf{A}_k = \mathbf{C^T M_{f\rho} C} + \frac{1}{\Delta t_k} \mathbf{M_{e\mu}} \\ &\mathbf{B}_k = -\frac{1}{\Delta t_k} \mathbf{M_{e\mu}}\\ &\mathbf{q}_k = \mathbf{C^T M_{f\rho} s}_{\mathbf{e},k} \; - \frac{1}{\Delta t_k} \big [ \mathbf{s}_{\mathbf{m},k} + \mathbf{s}_{\mathbf{m},k-1} \big ]\end{split}\]

Although the following system is never explicitly formed, we can represent the solution at all time-steps as:

\[\begin{split}\begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{A_1} & & & & \\ \mathbf{B_2} & \mathbf{A_2} & & & \\ & & \ddots & & \\ & & & \mathbf{B_n} & \mathbf{A_n} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{h_1} \\ \mathbf{h_2} \\ \vdots \\ \mathbf{h_n} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{q_1} \\ \mathbf{q_2} \\ \vdots \\ \mathbf{q_n} \end{bmatrix} - \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{B_1 h_0} \\ \mathbf{0} \\ \vdots \\ \mathbf{0} \end{bmatrix}\end{split}\]

where the magnetic fields at the initial time \(\mathbf{h_0}\) are computed analytically or numerically depending on whether the source carries non-zero current at the initial time.

Attributes

Adcinv

Inverse of the factored system matrix for the DC resistivity problem.

Mcc

Cell center inner product matrix.

MccMu

Cell center property inner product matrix.

MccMuI

Cell center property inner product inverse matrix.

MccMui

Cell center property inner product matrix.

MccMuiI

Cell center property inner product inverse matrix.

MccRho

Cell center property inner product matrix.

MccRhoI

Cell center property inner product inverse matrix.

MccSigma

Cell center property inner product matrix.

MccSigmaI

Cell center property inner product inverse matrix.

Me

Edge inner product matrix.

MeI

Edge inner product inverse matrix.

MeMu

Edge property inner product matrix.

MeMuI

Edge property inner product inverse matrix.

MeMui

Edge property inner product matrix.

MeMuiI

Edge property inner product inverse matrix.

MeRho

Edge property inner product matrix.

MeRhoI

Edge property inner product inverse matrix.

MeSigma

Edge property inner product matrix.

MeSigmaI

Edge property inner product inverse matrix.

Mf

Face inner product matrix.

MfI

Face inner product inverse matrix.

MfMu

Face property inner product matrix.

MfMuI

Face property inner product inverse matrix.

MfMui

Face property inner product matrix.

MfMuiI

Face property inner product inverse matrix.

MfRho

Face property inner product matrix.

MfRhoI

Face property inner product inverse matrix.

MfSigma

Face property inner product matrix.

MfSigmaI

Face property inner product inverse matrix.

Mn

Node inner product matrix.

MnI

Node inner product inverse matrix.

MnMu

Node property inner product matrix.

MnMuI

Node property inner product inverse matrix.

MnMui

Node property inner product matrix.

MnMuiI

Node property inner product inverse matrix.

MnRho

Node property inner product matrix.

MnRhoI

Node property inner product inverse matrix.

MnSigma

Node property inner product matrix.

MnSigmaI

Node property inner product inverse matrix.

clean_on_model_update

List of model-dependent attributes to clean upon model update.

counter

SimPEG Counter object to store iterations and run-times.

deleteTheseOnModelUpdate

matrices to be deleted if the model for conductivity/resistivity is updated

dt_threshold

Threshold used when determining the unique time-step lengths.

mesh

Mesh for the simulation.

model

The inversion model.

mu

Magnetic permeability (h/m) physical property model.

muDeriv

Derivative of Magnetic Permeability (H/m) wrt the model.

muMap

Mapping of the inversion model to Magnetic Permeability (H/m).

mui

Inverse magnetic permeability (m/h) physical property model.

muiDeriv

Derivative of Inverse Magnetic Permeability (m/H) wrt the model.

muiMap

Mapping of the inversion model to Inverse Magnetic Permeability (m/H).

nT

Total number of time steps.

needs_model

True if a model is necessary

rho

Electrical resistivity (ohm m) physical property model.

rhoDeriv

Derivative of Electrical resistivity (Ohm m) wrt the model.

rhoMap

Mapping of the inversion model to Electrical resistivity (Ohm m).

sensitivity_path

Path to directory where sensitivity file is stored.

sigma

Electrical conductivity (s/m) physical property model.

sigmaDeriv

Derivative of Electrical conductivity (S/m) wrt the model.

sigmaMap

Mapping of the inversion model to Electrical conductivity (S/m).

solver

Numerical solver used in the forward simulation.

solver_opts

Solver-specific parameters.

storeInnerProduct

Whether to store inner product matrices

survey

The TDEM survey object.

t0

Initial time, in seconds, for the time-dependent forward simulation.

time_mesh

Time mesh for easy interpolation to observation times.

time_steps

Time step lengths, in seconds, for the time domain simulation.

times

Evaluation times.

verbose

Verbose progress printout.

MccI

Vol

Methods

Fields_Derivs

alias of FieldsDerivativesHJ

Jtvec(m, v[, f])

Compute the adjoint sensitivity matrix times a vector.

Jtvec_approx(m, v[, f])

Approximation of the Jacobian transpose times a vector for the model provided.

Jvec(m, v[, f])

Compute the sensitivity matrix times a vector.

Jvec_approx(m, v[, f])

Approximation of the Jacobian times a vector for the model provided.

MccMuDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MccProperty with respect to the model.

MccMuIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MccPropertyI with respect to the model.

MccMuiDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MccProperty with respect to the model.

MccMuiIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MccPropertyI with respect to the model.

MccRhoDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MccProperty with respect to the model.

MccRhoIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MccPropertyI with respect to the model.

MccSigmaDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MccProperty with respect to the model.

MccSigmaIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MccPropertyI with respect to the model.

MeMuDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MeProperty with respect to the model.

MeMuIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MePropertyI with respect to the model.

MeMuiDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MeProperty with respect to the model.

MeMuiIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MePropertyI with respect to the model.

MeRhoDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MeProperty with respect to the model.

MeRhoIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MePropertyI with respect to the model.

MeSigmaDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MeProperty with respect to the model.

MeSigmaIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MePropertyI with respect to the model.

MfMuDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MfProperty with respect to the model.

MfMuIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

I Derivative of MfPropertyI with respect to the model.

MfMuiDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MfProperty with respect to the model.

MfMuiIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

I Derivative of MfPropertyI with respect to the model.

MfRhoDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MfProperty with respect to the model.

MfRhoIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

I Derivative of MfPropertyI with respect to the model.

MfSigmaDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MfProperty with respect to the model.

MfSigmaIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

I Derivative of MfPropertyI with respect to the model.

MnMuDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MnProperty with respect to the model.

MnMuIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MnPropertyI with respect to the model.

MnMuiDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MnProperty with respect to the model.

MnMuiIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MnPropertyI with respect to the model.

MnRhoDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MnProperty with respect to the model.

MnRhoIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MnPropertyI with respect to the model.

MnSigmaDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MnProperty with respect to the model.

MnSigmaIDeriv(u[, v, adjoint])

Derivative of MnPropertyI with respect to the model.

dpred([m, f])

Predicted data for the model provided.

fields(m)

Compute and return the fields for the model provided.

fieldsPair

alias of Fields3DMagneticField

getAdc()

The system matrix for the DC resistivity problem.

getAdcDeriv(u, v[, adjoint])

Derivative operation for the DC resistivity system matrix times a vector.

getAdiag(tInd)

Diagonal system matrix for the given time-step index.

getAdiagDeriv(tInd, u, v[, adjoint])

Derivative operation for the diagonal system matrix times a vector.

getAsubdiag(tInd)

Sub-diagonal system matrix for the time-step index provided.

getAsubdiagDeriv(tInd, u, v[, adjoint])

Derivative operation for the sub-diagonal system matrix times a vector.

getInitialFields()

Returns the fields for all sources at the initial time.

getInitialFieldsDeriv(src, v[, adjoint, f])

Derivative of the initial fields with respect to the model for a given source.

getRHS(tInd)

Right-hand sides for the given time index.

getRHSDeriv(tInd, src, v[, adjoint])

Derivative of the right-hand side times a vector for a given source and time index.

getSourceTerm(tInd)

Return the discrete source terms for the time index provided.

make_synthetic_data(m[, relative_error, ...])

Make synthetic data for the model and Gaussian noise provided.

residual(m, dobs[, f])

The data residual.